Zapji Länset

Template:Infobox Journal 《Zapji Länset》（The Lancet） wa zapji für medsin.為世界上最悠久及最受重視的同行評審性質之醫學期刊，主要由愛思唯爾（Elsevier）出版公司發行，部分是由里德·愛思唯爾（Reed Elsevier）集團協同出版。1823年由湯姆·魏克萊（Thomas Wakley）所創刊，他以外科手術刀（Lancet）的名稱來為這份刊物命名，而「Lancet」在英語中也是「尖頂穹窗」的意思，藉此寓意著期刊立志成為「照亮醫界的明窗」（to let in light）。

2005年的總編輯為李查·荷頓（Richard Horton）。《柳葉刀》始終在一些重大的醫學議題上以直言敢說聞名，而近年來直言無諱的例子如：批評世界卫生组织、拒絕讓顺势疗法的功效正式成為眾多治療法選擇中的一種、發表2003年美伊战争平民傷亡的統計、及不贊成里德·愛思唯爾（Reed Elsevier）集團與軍需産業（Arms industry）有所關聯。

影響與衝擊

《柳葉刀》以其在全世界所擁有的高影響因子，以致有一群重要的讀者階層來支持它。本期刊登載有：原創性的研究文章、評論文章（"小組討論"及"評論"）、社論、書評、短篇研究文章、也有其它一些在刊內常登載的文章諸如：特刊消息、及案例報導等。《柳葉刀醫學期刊》被視為一種"核心的"醫學綜合期刊，同樣亦是世界醫學權威雜誌；其它同性質的刊物有新英格蘭醫學期刊、美國醫學協會期刊、及英國醫學期刊。

然而，在1988年所刊載的一篇文章使它受到嚴厲批評，在這篇文章中作者相當的提高了麻腮风三联疫苗及自閉症，與一些疫苗接種爭議（Vaccine controversy）三者間者有關聯的可能性。在2004年，《柳葉刀醫學期刊》發表了部分撤回這篇有爭議文章的言論。荷頓博士也公開的說明這篇文章"有致命地錯誤"，是由於其中的一位作者有著嚴重的利益衝突，而他並沒有向《柳葉刀醫學期刊》陳述過這些事。當本刊發表了伊拉克平民的死亡人數的估計值計有 — 10萬人 — 而時間正好在2004年11月美國總統選舉前兩天，因此又招來政治企圖的指責。

Controversial articles / Kontrovörsol artikols / 資料捏造的醜聞

The Lancet was severely criticized after it published a paper in 1998, in which the authors suggested a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. In February 2004 The Lancet published a partial retraction of the paper (Lancet 2004;363:750). The editor-in-chief, Richard Horton, went on the record to say the paper had "fatal conflicts of interest" because the study's lead author, Dr. Andrew Wakefield, had a serious conflict of interest that he had not declared to The Lancet. The journal completely retracted the paper on 2 February 2010, after Wakefield was found to have acted unethically in conducting the research.

The Lancet published a controversial estimate of the Iraq War's Iraqi death toll—around one hundred thousand—in 2004. In 2006 a followup study by the same team suggested that the violent death rate in Iraq was not only consistent with the earlier estimate, but had increased considerably in the intervening period (see Lancet surveys of casualties of the Iraq War). The second survey estimated that there had been 654,965 excess Iraqi deaths as a consequence of the war. The 95% confidence interval was 392,979 to 942,636. 1,849 households that contained 12,801 people were surveyed.

In January 2006, it was revealed that data had been fabricated in an article by the Norwegian cancer researcher Jon Sudbø and 13 co-authors published in The Lancet in October 2005. Several articles in other scientific journals were withdrawn following the withdrawal in The Lancet. Within a week, the high-impact New England Journal of Medicine published an expression of editorial concern regarding its published research papers by the same author and in November 2006, the journal withdrew two oral cancer studies led by the Norwegian researcher.

2006年1月，一篇於2005年10月號《柳葉刀》刊載的文章，由癌症研究人員約翰·蘇得博（Jon Sudbø）及其他13位共同作者所合撰，篇名為《非甾体抗炎药及口腔癌的風險：巢狀性的案例控制研究》（Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of oral cancer: a nested case-control study），被傳媒揭發使用了偽造的數據。在《柳葉刀》雜誌抽起這篇文章之後，多份其他科學期刊亦相繼抽起類似的文章。在這件醜聞浮上台面後的一星期內，擁有高影響因子的新英格蘭醫學期刊發表了一篇社論來關切另外一篇發表在其刊物上的類似研究題目之文章。

In a 2009 editorial, it accused Pope Benedict XVI of publicly distorting scientific evidence on condoms to promote Catholic doctrine on chastity in AIDS prevention. The Vatican defended itself by pointing to an earlier Lancet article published in 2000 which asserted that condoms could not possibly be sufficient in solving the AIDS crisis.

A December 2003 editorial by the journal, titled "How do you sleep at night, Mr Blair?", called for tobacco use to be completely banned in the UK. The Royal College of Physicians rejected their argument. Professor John Britton, chairman of the college's tobacco advisory group, praised the journal for discussing the health problem, but he concluded that a "ban on tobacco would be a nightmare." Amanda Sandford, spokesperson for the anti-tobacco group Action on Smoking and Health, stated that criminalizing a behavior 26% of the population commit "is ludicrous." She also said, "We can't turn the clock back. If tobacco were banned we would have 13 million people desperately craving a drug that they would not be able to get." The deputy editor of The Lancet responded to the criticism by arguing that no other measures besides a total ban would likely be able to reduce tobacco use.

Smokers rights group FOREST stated that the editorial gave them "amusement and disbelief". Director Simon Clark called the magazine "fascist" and argued that it is hypocritical to ban tobacco while allowing unhealthy junk foods, alcohol consumption, and participation in extreme sports. Health Secretary John Reid reiterated that his government is committed to helping people give up smoking. He added, "Despite the fact that this is a serious problem, it is a little bit extreme for us in Britain to start locking people up because they have an ounce of tobacco somewhere."

期刊家族

《柳葉刀》到目前已延生出幾種附屬性的專業期刊，這些期刊刊名均以柳葉刀來開始命名如—《柳葉刀神經學》（神經學）、《柳葉刀肿瘤學》（肿瘤学）、及《柳葉刀傳染病》（傳染病）。所有的這些《柳葉刀》附屬性的專業期刊於醫學期刊中均已建立了重要的名聲，縱然這些期刊大多開始出刊時僅登載一些評論性的文章。

See also / Si osou / 參見

• 《細胞》
• 國際醫療科學期刊
• 英國癌症期刊（British Journal of Cancer）[1]
• 癌症研究期刊（Cancer Research (journal)）[2]
• 整合癌症治療期刊（Integrative Cancer Therapies (journal)）[3]
• 乳癌研究與治療期刊（Breast Cancer Research and Treatment (journal)）[4]

External links / Ikstörnol liŋks / 外部連結

Interwiki-liŋks

• Zapji Länset dè websàit
  • The Lancet Infectious Diseases 柳葉刀傳染病醫學期刊
  • The Lancet Neurology 柳葉刀神經醫學期刊
  • The Lancet Oncology 柳葉刀肿瘤醫學期刊
  • Guidelines for article submission 柳葉刀醫學期刊投稿指引
• Pubmed search for Lancet
• New Internal Medicine Journals Search Engine